Rf / Ro (Diameter Charging Reference Points)

Rf (offline charging, TS 32.299) and Ro (online charging, TS 32.299) are the Diameter reference points between charging clients (P-CSCF, S-CSCF, PGW, SMF) and the CDF/OCS. Ro carries real-time credit-control (CCR/CCA) that must succeed before service, while Rf carries accounting records for post-paid billing.

Categories: SignalingOperations and Business

Rf / Ro in context

Signaling protocols carry the control-plane messages that set up calls, register subscribers and route SMS. SS7, Diameter, GTP-C and SIP are the four dominant families, and interconnect exposure of any of them is treated by GSMA as top-tier telecom risk.

OSS/BSS platforms hold the highest-value subscriber and revenue data on the operator side, are heavily targeted for fraud and insider abuse, and are in scope for NIS2 and the UK Telecoms Security Act.

To place Rf / Ro in the wider telecom-security picture, review Charging System, Control Plane Security, Traffic Engineering, O1 Interface, Rx Interface and 1G — each entry cross-references back to this page so you can walk the topic in either direction.

Related terms

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